As I was completing work on
The Year of Goodbyes, the Holocaust Memorial Museum in
Washington, D.C. became the U.S. depository of millions of documents from what
had previously been the largest closed Holocaust archive in the world.
The archive, called the International Tracing
Service, was established by the Allies at the end of World War II in Bad
Arolsen, Germany.
In 2008, the ITS made
its archive available to the U.S. Holocaust Museum; the Museum then allowed
survivors and their relatives (like me) to file requests for Museum researchers
to search the archive for information on specific individuals.
I filed a big batch of requests in January 2009 and started getting responses about two
months later. For the most part, the
newly opened archive did not produce any revelations about the people in The Year of Goodbyes. There was one significant exception.
That exception related to Manja Stahl, my mother’s first
cousin from Pabiance, Poland. She
created this page ("Have a heart! Look into a heart!") for my mother’s poesiealbum
when my mother last saw her in Pabianice in October 1938. At the time my mother, Jutta, was almost 12 and Manja was 18. My mother just adored her older cousin.
(It’s in Chapter XVI of The Year of Goodbyes.)
Our family had been somewhat uncertain about what had
happened to Manja. Someone said she died
in the Lodz Ghetto. But two relatives who were
imprisoned in the Auschwitz concentration camp with Manja said she died there. This was what members of my family believed for more than 60
years.
The newly released archive documents showed that, although
she was imprisoned at Auschwitz, Manja did not perish there. Instead, the documents showed, she was sent from
Auschwitz to Stutthof concentration camp on September 27, 1944. Here is the list of transported prisoners:
The names are blurry, but Manja's is visible about 3/4 of the way down the page, along with her
birthdate (October 26, 1920) and prisoner number.
Here is the personal prisoner card the Nazis created for
Manja when she was at Stutthof:
(Although for ease of pronunciation I’ve spelled her name as
“Manja” in my book, its proper form is “Madzia.”)
And here is a document from the Stutthof camp “doctor”
declaring Manja dead on January 7, 1945 from “complete body weakness” in block
29 of the camp. The form also mentions
that her body was cremated for “hygienic” reasons.
And here is a death notice form filled out by Stutthof officials
on January 8, 1945. The form says that Manja
was a household laborer at the camp, and repeats that she died the day before
from “body weakness.”
The death notice also includes a second page signed by one SS Junior
“Storm” leader stating that there were no circumstances
to indicate that Manja's death occurred due to any criminal action against
her. That, to say the least, is some
kind of untruth. Here it is:
By the time I obtained all this information in 2009,
The Year of Goodbyes was going to press.
I was able to change the statement that had
been in my original manuscript asserting that Manja died at Auschwitz; the book
correctly puts her place of death at Stutthof.
But I could not add the other details described here.
It was, and remains, so unsettling for me to think
about these details. I already knew that this
young woman died at the hands of the Nazis. Why, then, are these new details so agonizing? Because—to think of Manja actually surviving Auschwitz
(where her mother died) and then being shipped hundreds of miles north to
Stutthof. . . . And to think of Manja surviving until January 1945, with the
end of the war only four months away. . . .
Devastating.
But Manja’s death from “total body weakness” in the camp may
have been a blessing of sorts. The Nazis conducted forced evacuations of
Stutthof as the war’s end neared, starting around the time of her death. Thousands
were marched into the Baltic Sea, where they were shot. Thousands died from the harsh winter conditions
in which they marched. In January 1945, there were 50,000 prisoners at Stutthof. When Allied forces liberated Stutthof
on May 9, 1945—it was the last camp to be liberated—they found a total of 100
surviving prisoners.
Manja Stahl died in the Stutthoff concentration camp 67 years ago today. She was 25 years old.
(I am indebted to Gretchen Guy, researcher at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, for unearthing the archive documents and explaining their meaning to me.)
.jpg)
